How To Make Triathlon Training Senior-Specific

Triathletes over age 50 struggle to find senior specific triathlon training plans. This is the major reason for partnering with Our Coaches, each who are also senior triathletes.

The genesis of this post and my conversation with Senior Triathletes coach Kurt Madden was a question from one of our readers. Linda, a female triathlete over age 60 wrote:

“How do you change a triathlon training program that is meant for everyone, to one that works for a female over 60?”

The Senior Triathletes’ Challenge – Finding An Age-Specific Training Program

Looking back over my time in triathlon, I appreciate the challenge of finding the right training plan. What part of a training plan found in a book or online is appropriate for an older athlete? More specifically, what is the best plan for training given my strengths and weaknesses?

This is especially true when the mainstream endurance sports writers consider a man or woman age 40 to be an “older athlete.”

As you will hear, Kurt knows firsthand how the needs of an athlete over age 50 differ from their younger self. In this conversation, he gives us principles to use in adapting generic training information and hints for preventing injury and maintaining an active life for the long term.

Stress plus rest equals growth.

Kurt Madden, “Over 60” triathlete coach and athlete

What Actually Changes in Triathlon Training After 50?

Most generic triathlon plans were designed for younger athletes. As we age, recovery, injury prevention, strength, sleep, and training consistency become increasingly important.

That does not mean older athletes cannot improve. It means training must become more intentional.

The biggest changes after 50 often include:

  • Longer recovery between hard sessions
  • Greater emphasis on strength and mobility
  • Increased attention to sleep and nutrition
  • More individualized training plans
  • Smarter intensity management
  • Higher importance of injury prevention
  • More focus on consistency than volume

For many senior triathletes, adapting training properly is the difference between staying healthy and burning out.

Coach Kurt Madden’s Advice on Making Triathlon Training Specific to the Older Endurance Athlete

In this conversation with coach Kurt Madden, we discuss how triathlon training should change as you age after age 50—from recovery and intensity to consistency and long-term progress.

If you’re already training, this guide on how to improve triathlon performance after 50 will help you take the next step.

Key Takeaways: Training for Triathlon After 50

Recovery and Injury Prevention

  • Recovery becomes more important with age, and older athletes need more time between training sessions to adapt and stay injury-free.
  • Injury prevention should be proactive, not reactive. Building strength (especially core and glutes), addressing imbalances early, and supporting recovery supporting recovery—including sleep—can reduce breakdown later.

Strength and Mobility

  • Strength training and mobility work become increasingly important after 50, especially for maintaining balance, range of motion, and injury prevention.
  • Variety in training is critical. Combining swimming, cycling, strength training, and flexibility work (like yoga) helps reduce injury risk and improve overall fitness.
  • Including some higher-intensity sessions—balanced with proper recovery—can improve cardiovascular fitness, even for athletes over 60.

Sustainable Long-Term Training

  • There is no one-size-fits-all training plan—what works for others may not work for you, so it’s essential to listen to your body and adjust accordingly.
  • Avoid doing too much too soon. Gradual progression and managing intensity are key to long-term success.
  • A sustainable training plan should fit your lifestyle, time availability, and personal preferences—not just what looks good on paper.

Make Training Part of a Healthy, Active Lifestyle

  • Consistency matters more than perfection. Building sustainable habits—starting small and progressing gradually—is the key to long-term success.
  • Nutrition for endurance athletes over 50 plays a critical role: prioritize protein, manage carbohydrate intake, and focus on simple, whole foods to support training and recovery.

Listen: How Training Changes After 50

Recording of my conversation with triathlon coach and senior triathlete Kurt Madden about how to adapt general training plans for athletes over age 60.

Jump to specific topics in the conversation:

If you don’t have time to listen to the entire conversation now, you can download it for later listening by pressing the three vertical dots to the right of the timeline. You can also jump to a specific point within the conversation.

  • 1:02 – Kurt’s answer to Linda’s question begins with three principles for adapting general training and exercise programs.
  • 3:58 – What to look for in generic training and exercise plans.
  • 7:22 – Best ways for those over 60 to prevent injury when training.
  • 10:51 – Nutrition: How to – and how not to – fuel your body during a training program.
  • 15:09 – Alternatives to trial and error in adapting general training plans.
  • 20:29 – How to develop a consistent, sustainable exercise program.
  • 27:17 – Kurt’s tribute to three senior triathletes from age 78 to 92.

Want to go deeper? Explore related articles:

Related Links

Atomic Habits – Kurt mentioned this book, one I had previously reviewed from the perspective of a triathlete.

TriDot.com – This page shows the training plan options mentioned by Kurt Madden in the recording.

Want to take the next step? Choose your path below.

Whether you’re just getting started or looking to improve, here are your next steps:

New to Triathlon?

Start with a step-by-step guide to triathlon after 50 designed specifically for older athletes.

Start Here →

Already Training?

Learn how to train smarter, recover better, and improve performance after 50.

Improve Performance →

It’s Time for Your Questions and Comments

What questions do you have for Kurt?

Of Kurt’s advice, what did you find most interesting or thought provoking?

Based on his comments, how will your approach to generic training and exercise programs change?

Post your comments below. You may also contact Kurt Madden directly using the email address on his profile page.

Comments: Join the conversation below — Click on “Subscribe” (located above the Comment box) if you’d like to be alerted to replies to your Comment. Even if you do not submit a comment, you may subscribe to be notified when a new comment is published. Please note that I review all comments before they are posted.

This post was first published on May 17, 2023. Updated May 11, 2026 with additional links and resources for senior triathletes.

Ask Our Coaches: How to Improve Running Pace After 70 (Without Spiking Heart Rate)

Our Reader’s Question

Here is another question from a reader, a male triathlete over age 70 whose goal is to “Stay healthy and maintain my fitness level after a tough 2025 training and race season.”

Dave wrote to Our Coaches looking for advice on “Improved running pace while not blowing up my heart rate. Also reducing stress, which comes as a by-product of a heavy exercise load.”

Dave’s question builds on his journey back to consistent training after 70, which we previously shared in I Found ‘Athlete’ In The Words ‘Heart Health’ – David Conover’s Story.

Coach Tony Washington’s Reply

Hi Dave,

You asked a great question—and a really important one, especially coming off a big 2025 season. Your goals are exactly right: stay healthy, maintain fitness, and improve efficiency rather than just pushing harder.

Let’s break this into a few parts: running pace/heart rate, mobility/strength and managing overall stress.

1) Improving Running Pace Without Spiking Heart Rate

At this stage, the biggest gains come from efficiency, not fitness. In simple terms, we want you to run smarter, not harder.

A few key areas to focus on:

  • Cadence: Slightly quicker steps (around 170–180) with a shorter stride can reduce stress and heart rate
  • Posture: Run tall with a slight forward lean from the ankles
  • Relaxation: Keep shoulders and hands loose—tension drives heart rate up
  • Foot strike: Aim to land under your body, not out in front

Also, consider adding:

  • Strides 2–3x per week: 6–8 × 20–30 seconds, fast but relaxed, with full recovery
  • Light tempo work once per week: Something like 3 × 8 minutes at a controlled, “comfortably hard” effort (not all-out)

These help maintain speed without overloading your system.

2) Managing Stress from Training Load

This is where most athletes get into trouble after a strong season.

You won’t lose fitness quickly—but fatigue can build up fast. This is where structured recovery becomes critical for senior athletes. The goal now is to keep consistency while reducing overall stress.

I’d suggest:

  • Reduce total training volume by about 15–25% from your peak
  • Keep frequency (number of sessions), but shorten some workouts
  • Replace one harder session with easy aerobic work

Make sure each week includes:

3) Controlling Heart Rate During Runs

A simple but very effective strategy:

  • Start your runs easier than you think you should (about 10 bpm lower)
  • Let pace build naturally instead of forcing it
  • If heart rate starts to drift, ease off early—not after you’re already fatigued. Reducing your pace by only 15 seconds/mile is all you need.

Most athletes find they actually run faster overall this way with a lower average heart rate. This is a key part of improving performance as a senior triathlete.

If you’re already training, this guide on how to improve triathlon performance after 50 will help you take the next step.

4) Stability/Mobility

Do you do any strength work? Strength training is one of the most important factors in maintaining durability as we age.

I classify strength in several stages:

  • Mobility: Can you move freely?
  • Stability: Can you control your movement?
  • Strength: Build force
  • Power: Applying your strength quickly
  • Coordination: Move effectively

Being strong and durable enough to build this consistency is the best route to continued success.

I give my athletes a 10 workout system that uses these key areas. If interested let me know.

Big Picture

At 70+, success is all about consistency and durability.

The goal isn’t to squeeze out big fitness gains—it’s to maintain what you’ve built and move efficiently. You have a long history in the sport with many more in the future.

For a deeper look at how to build that durability:
Recovery strategies
Strength training after 50

If you focus on:

  • Better running economy
  • Controlled intensity
  • Proper recovery

You should see improved pace at the same heart rate—and feel better doing it.

Let me know if you’d like help dialing in a weekly structure. Happy to tailor something specifically for you.

Best regards,

Tony Washington

Senior International Captain/Grandpa

Founder and Head Coach – Team No Coasting

IRONMAN U Certified

Certified TriDot Coach

Certified TriDot Pool School Lane Lead

https://app.tridot.com/onboard/sign-up/tonywashington

Want to take the next step? Choose your path below.

Whether you’re just getting started or looking to improve, here are your next steps:

New to Triathlon?

Start with a step-by-step guide to triathlon after 50 designed specifically for older athletes.

Start Here →

Already Training?

Learn how to train smarter, recover better, and improve performance after 50.

Improve Performance →

Join the Conversation

Share your comments, questions, and experience below. You may also submit your question(s) through the website here.

Comments: Join the conversation below — Click on “Subscribe” (located above the Comment box) if you’d like to be alerted to replies to your Comment. Even if you do not submit a comment, you may subscribe to be notified when a new comment is published. Please note that I review all comments before they are posted.

Medical Disclaimer

The content on SeniorTriathletes.com is for informational and educational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult with your physician or a qualified healthcare provider before beginning or modifying any exercise, training, nutrition, or recovery program—especially if you have existing health conditions or concerns.

Participation in triathlon training and related activities involves inherent risks. By using this information, you acknowledge and accept full responsibility for your health and well-being. The author and contributors are not liable for any injuries or health issues that may result from the use of this content.

Finding Your Tribe: How Senior Triathletes Connect, Train, and Thrive

One of the most common questions I hear from senior triathletes is simple:

“Where can I find a group to train with?”

It’s a fair question—and an important one.

As triathlon coach Laura Rossetti recently noted, “If you don’t always have a community, you just don’t do the work.” For athletes over 50, that community often makes the difference between getting started—and staying consistent.

To better understand how senior triathletes are finding their “tribe,” I reached out in three ways:

  • Conversations with athletes, including members of FCA Endurance and of The Villages Triathlon Club
  • A short survey of readers and fellow triathletes
  • Research into existing clubs and training communities

What I found may surprise you—and may make your search much easier.

If you’re new to triathlon after 50, this guide on how to start triathlon after 50 will help you take the first step.

Why Finding a Group Matters After 50

Training for a triathlon is not just about following a plan. For many athletes over 50, it’s about:

  • Accountability — showing up when motivation dips
  • Safety — especially on the bike
  • Consistency — steady progress over time (especially when supported by proper recovery strategies for triathletes over 50)
  • Connection — enjoying the process with others

In fact, among survey respondents, the most frequently cited benefits of group training were social connection, motivation, accountability, and safety.

In other words, the “tribe” matters as much as the training.

What We’re Seeing in the Real World

Groups Are More Common Than You Think

Of those who responded to the survey:

  • Most train with others either regularly or occasionally
  • Only a small number reported always training alone

That’s encouraging. It means you’re not alone in wanting to train with others—and there are more opportunities than you might expect.

People Find Their Groups Through People

The most common ways athletes found their group were:

  • Through a triathlon club
  • Through a friend or family member

Many senior triathletes don’t start by searching for a formal organization. They start by meeting one or two people—and building from there.

Not All “Groups” Are Clubs

When asked what type of group they train with most often, responses were split between:

  • Organized triathlon clubs
  • Informal groups of friends

Your “tribe” might be a club—or it might simply be two or three people who ride, run, or swim together consistently.

What Training Together Actually Looks Like

The most common group activities were:

  • Group rides
  • Swim workouts
  • Group runs

Cycling and swimming, in particular, benefit from structure and shared experience—especially for older athletes who also need to balance training with effective strength training for senior endurance athletes.

Many athletes also combine different types of training environments rather than relying on just one. For example, they may belong to a triathlon club while also participating in single-sport sessions such as group rides or swim workouts, along with social meetups and shared race trips.

If you’re already training, this guide on how to improve triathlon performance after 50 will help you take the next step.

A Personal Note on Training Alone vs. Together

When I first began preparing for triathlon, I didn’t have a group.

“After registering for this triathlon, I realized how little I knew about preparing for one. Nevertheless, I relished the challenge. I read triathlon-related articles in my spare time. I swam, biked, ran, and did various body weight and core-strengthening exercises six days per week.”

Much of that early training was done alone. Over time, I came to appreciate the value of structure—and the energy that comes from training with others.

Even something as simple as a spin class introduced a new dimension:

“The ‘girl’ who led my 5:30 a.m. classes left me exhausted in the wake of her sprints, climbs, intervals, and endurance segments.”

Many of these early training experiences—and what I learned about training, consistency, and community—are described in Triathlon Adventures Across America, where I share how I trained and competed in all 50 states between ages 58 and 70.

A Starting Point: Training Communities for Senior Triathletes

To make this more practical, here is a starting list of training communities where athletes over 50 are actively participating.

This is not a complete directory—just a credible starting point. Many of these groups were shared directly by athletes in our community.

Training Communities (U.S., Canada, Ireland, UK)

Club/GroupLocationNotes for Athletes 50+Open to New AthletesLink
Baltimore Area Triathlon ClubBaltimore MDGrowing 50+ participationYesWebsite
Bethany Swim Bike Run Bethany Beach DEInformal community-based groupNot specified Facebook Group
Carlow Triathlon ClubCarlow, IrelandOpen to new members over 50; member joined at age 70YesWebsite
Clermont Triathlon ClubClermont FLInclusive all levelsYesWebsite
DFW Tri ClubDallas–Fort Worth TXLarge metro communityYesFacebook Group
FW Tri Club (Friends Who Tri)Fort Worth, TXActive local club; welcomes athletes 50+YesFacebook Group
Coalville Triathlon Club Leicestershire UKWelcoming to older athletesYesWebsite
Ocala Triathletes Ocala FLBeginner-friendly, socialYesWebsite
Team Triumph Ottawa ON CanadaAge-diverse, welcomingYesWebsite
Portland Triathlon Club Portland ORLots of athletes over 50YesWebsite
Sacramento Triathlon ClubSacramento CAMany athletes over 50YesWebsite
Golden Gate Triathlon Club San Francisco CALarge club with active 50+ presenceYesWebsite
Team Blaze SpokaneSpokane, WashingtonMembership-based swim, bike, and run coachingYesWebsite
The Villages Triathlon Club The Villages FLStrong 50+ communityYesFacebook Group
Tulsa Area TriathletesTulsa OKActive regional clubYesWebsite
DC Tri ClubWashington DCStrong 50+ presenceYesWebsite

Know a Group We Should Include?

This list is just the beginning—and with your help, it can become a valuable resource for triathletes over 50 looking to find their own “tribe.”

If you train with a club, virtual community, or informal group that welcomes older athletes, I’d love to include it—and continue building this as a resource others can rely on.

Your input could help another athlete:

  • Find a local group
  • Stay consistent with training
  • Take the first step toward their first or next triathlon

Please share:

  • Group name
  • Location
  • Link (if available)

Submit your group here: Groups for Triathletes Over 50.

Or, if it’s easier, just send me a quick email.

I’ll review submissions and continue updating this list so others can benefit.

Thank you for helping build this community.

You Don’t Have to Find a “Senior-Only” Group

One important takeaway:

Many senior triathletes are thriving in general triathlon clubs—not age-specific ones.

Several respondents noted that clubs often include a meaningful number of athletes over 50, and that age diversity can be a strength rather than a barrier.

Virtual Communities: A Growing Option

Not all tribes meet in one place.

Groups like FCA Endurance and Peloton, two virtual groups mentioned by our survey respondents, provide a different kind of connection—one that combines training, racing, and shared purpose.

In one of my races, I encountered FCA athletes gathering before the start:

“Before the race, several dozen participants and a few spectators gathered for Bible reading and prayer. The leader reminded us that our performance and attitude on the course represented another way to worship.”

For some athletes, this type of community adds a deeper dimension to the sport.

I plan to explore how athletes get involved in communities like this—and how they train and race together—in a future post.

How to Find Your Tribe

Based on what we’ve learned—and what other athletes are actually doing—here are a few practical ways to get started:

  • Start with local clubs or fitness centers
  • Ask friends, training partners, or race contacts
  • Try group rides, runs, or Masters swimming
  • Explore virtual communities if local options are limited

One athlete offered this advice:

“Search online for your area, attend local bike shop rides, go to races and strike up a conversation, volunteer at a race.”

Your tribe doesn’t have to be large. It just has to be consistent.

Final Thought

You don’t have to train alone—and you don’t have to figure this out by yourself.

Whether it’s a formal club, a virtual community, or just a few training partners, finding your tribe can make all the difference—not just in how you train, but in how long you stay in the sport.

Want to take the next step? Choose your path below.

Whether you’re just getting started or looking to improve, here are your next steps:

New to Triathlon?

Start with a step-by-step guide to triathlon after 50 designed specifically for older athletes.

Start Here →

Already Training?

Learn how to train smarter, recover better, and improve performance after 50.

Improve Performance →

Does This Match Your Experience?

Please share comments and questions in the Comments below.

Comments: Join the conversation below — Click on “Subscribe” (located above the Comment box) if you’d like to be alerted to replies to your Comment. Even if you do not submit a comment, you may subscribe to be notified when a new comment is published. Please note that I review all comments before they are posted.

Rest and Recovery: Why It’s Important for Senior Triathletes

How do senior triathletes rest while working to become more competitive? Or show our kids that we really are not old? How do we train efficiently when we have a much lower tolerance for training errors?

“Successful runners are those who have recovered the best.”1

Rest A Main Pillar of Senior Triathlete Training

The advice I repeatedly hear from senior triathletes and those who coach them is that we need to make rest an important part of our training plan. A podcast on training for endurance sports for those over age 50 listed ‘Rest’ as one of four major elements in training for those over 50.

Those committed to improving their performance ‘at all cost’ will ignore this advice or interpret it to fit their plan. Those less committed or motivated can use this advice to hit the snooze button a few more times or to take a few more days away from training.

Meanwhile, those of us somewhere in between can be left scratching our heads, wondering how to apply this all-important advice.

If you’re new to triathlon after 50, this guide on how to start triathlon after 50 will help you take the first step.

Where Does Rest Fit Into Training for the Senior Triathlete?

According to the Furman Institute1, “train hard and become fatigued, then rest and recover while your body adapts to an increased workload. Repeating this cycle of overload, fatigue, recovery, and adaptation makes you fitter and faster. However, there is a limit to one’s capacity to endure and adapt. The progressive overload must be done gradually.”

We can picture this process through a circular flow diagram (below).

picture of the circular relationship between overload, refueling, and rest in an effective triathlon training program
Circular relationship between training overload, refueling, and rest

Overload includes the effects of training exercise. However, overload has other sources, including those that come with living, such as our physical environment (for example, altitude, humidity, temperature extremes), colds and allergies, dietary choices, travel, stress at work, and personal relationships).

As illustrated in the above flow diagram, the combined overload influences our nutrition (refueling) needs and needs for rest and recovery. Balancing the three components of the flow diagram while progressively increasing overload will lead to continuous improvement in fitness and performance.

What Is the Correct Way for the Masters Triathlete to Rest?

Triathlon coaches repeatedly write that rest should be scheduled and structured just as are the workouts. Rest and recovery must be considered part of the overall plan and treated in a disciplined way.

According to the National Sleep Foundation, the initial phase of ‘falling to sleep’ is followed by a state in which our muscles relax. During this phase, blood supply to the muscles increases, tissue growth and repair occurs, and hormones, such as growth hormone, are released. The growth hormone contributes to building muscles stressed by hard workouts.

To achieve quality sleep, these processes must occur uninterrupted. If interrupted, muscle repair, tissue repair, and the release of growth hormones is incomplete.

One way to achieve consistency is to schedule sleep. By ‘schedule’, we mean providing the time and environment for both the optimum quantity of sleep and uninterrupted, quality sleep.

Rest is Sleep and Much More

Sleep is an essential component of rest. In fact, one of the most overlooked parts of recovery is sleep. Sleep for triathletes over 50 may be the single most important factor in how well your body adapts between training sessions.

However, recovery can also involve exercising the recovered muscles used in one sport, while giving time for repair and development of specific muscles and joints used in another sport.

“Active, yet low-intensity, exercise such as non-weight-bearing swimming, kayaking, and cycling allows muscles stressed from running to recover. It is during the recovery that the adaptation from the training stimulus (the hard run) occurs. That adaptation, or improvement, helps you run faster.”1

swimming is a favorite form of rest and recovery for senior triathletes
Cross-training is an important component of rest. By definition, cross-training involves primarily muscles other than those needing rest. Swimming is one of the favorite forms of cross-training used by triathlon coaches.

Proper fueling is important. There are many who report that post-exercise fueling requires protein. However, this is not necessarily true, especially for our day-in, day-out workouts. High quality carbohydrates will also be effective in replacing our glycogen stores. The human body is capable of providing the amino acids for repair of the limited muscle damage.

Advice from Dr. Jeff Sankoff is to avoid alcohol during the recovery phase of exercise. During his December 9, 2019 podcast, Dr. Sankoff reported that “the synthesis of new glycogen is often impaired in the presence of alcohol”.

How Do I Know If I Am Getting Enough Rest?

Rest must be proportional to the amount of overload. An imbalance in either direction (too much or too little rest) will lead to less than optimum results.

The major factors affecting the rate of recovery from training overload are:

  • Age
  • Fitness level
  • Exercise background and experience
  • Stress from life (work, family)
  • Health level
  • Diet – nutrition with respect to the body’s requirements during rest and exercise
  • Sleep – quantity and quality

Imbalance in the amount of rest will be indicated by:

  • mood disturbance,
  • irritability,
  • sleep disturbance,
  • increased susceptibility to colds,
  • appetite changes, and
  • a struggle to maintain athletic performance.

If an imbalance of rest symptoms persists even if you have taken steps to try to get a good amount of rest, you may have an underlying condition, such as stress or anxiety. You may wish to talk to your doctor about it and they can recommend a treatment such as therapy or CBD oil. Taking care of your mental health is just as important as your physical health.

According to Joe Friel in ‘The Triathlete’s Training Bible’2, the importance of a correct balance of training, nutrition, and rest becomes increasingly important with age. Younger people can get away with more impatience or carelessness in training.

However, seniors have a much lower tolerance for training errors. The price of mistakes in rest and recovery among seniors can be much greater than for the younger competitors.

Seniors have a much lower tolerance for training errors.

A Testimonial for Rest

In 2013, I met Jim Chapman at the Rocky Gap Triathon in Maryland.

After the race, Jim described how important rest had become to his training.

“One of the hardest things to learn while training for this sport is knowing when to rest. I was self coached for many years and often found myself going two or more weeks without a day off and then I would collapse.

Since I had a goal last year to compete at the National Championship race in Vermont, I hired a coach, a nationally ranked professional triathlete who lives in the area. She has been adamant in making me take more rest days. It is not uncommon for me to take two rest days in a week now. And as you can see, I am racing better and faster.”

For this 70+ year triathlete, more frequent rest had become part of a strategy for improving his race performance.

Rest for the Senior Triathlete

Senior Triathletes should take advantage of the wisdom that comes with age in their training.

Increase overload slowly. Remember that overload is the sum of training and other stresses. Refuel properly. Rest through sleep and cross-training.

Remember, life is more like a marathon than a sprint. Plan to finish strong.

Want to take the next step? Choose your path below.

Whether you’re just getting started or looking to improve, here are your next steps:

New to Triathlon?

Start with a step-by-step guide to triathlon after 50 designed specifically for older athletes.

Start Here →

Already Training?

Learn how to train smarter, recover better, and improve performance after 50.

Improve Performance →

How Well Do You Recover After Training?

Share with us in the Comments below any successes or struggles you have found with your recovery plan.

Comments: Join the conversation below — Click on “Subscribe” (located above the Comment box) if you’d like to be alerted to replies to your Comment. Even if you do not submit a comment, you may subscribe to be notified when a new comment is published. Please note that I review all comments before they are posted.

References

  1. Pierce, Bill, et al., “Runner’s World Run Less, Run Faster: Become a Faster, Stronger Runner with the Revolutionary FIRST Training Program”, 2007.
  2. Friel, Joel, “The Triathlete’s Training Bible, 3rd Edition”, 2009.

This post was first published on April 19, 2016, updated on July 26, 2023, and updated again on April 28, 2026.